This book presents a unified probabilistic framework for evaluating the reliability of corroded buried pipelines subjected to earthquake loading. It integrates stochastic corrosion growth modeling, probabilistic reconstruction of random corrosion morphology, spatially varying seismic excitation, nonlinear pipe–soil interaction, and reliability-based assessment to characterize the coupled effects of long-term deterioration and transient seismic hazards. The methodologies are supported by real in-line inspection (ILI) data, advanced finite element modeling, Bayesian inference, random field modeling, and Monte Carlo simulation, providing realistic representations of corrosion evolution and structural response under uncertainty. Through rigorous theoretical developments, numerical examples, and engineering case studies, this book demonstrates how stochastic deterioration, seismic response, and multiple interacting uncertainties can be incorporated into a unified reliability framework for aging pipeline systems. Rich illustrations, detailed algorithms, and practical implementation procedures facilitate the application of the proposed methods to engineering practice. This book provides valuable guidance for reliability assessment, risk-informed integrity management, and resilience evaluation of critical energy infrastructure. It is intended for graduate students, researchers, practicing engineers, and asset managers working in pipeline engineering, structural reliability, corrosion science, earthquake engineering, and infrastructure resilience.