Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in industrialized countries. To date, the medical need of efficient therapy for this de- vastating cerebrovascular disorder remains unmet. During the last decades, the development of pharmacological stroke therapies was aimed at improving patient outcome by restoration of cerebral blood flow or protection from acute neuronal cell death. Almost all of The participants of the workshop VI Preface these appraaches targeted the very early events after vascular occIu- sion. However, primarily for logistical reasons, only a small portion of strakes can be treated within 6-10 h after the insult. In recent years it has been recognized that strake pathophysiology is a dynamic pracess, and that delayed pracesses, which occur dur- ing the days and weeks following arterial occIusion, may lead to further deterioration or to impairment of recovery and rehabilitation in subacute and chranic stages. Evidence is accumulating that neu- rainflammation is a major player in these delayed pathophysiologi- cal pracesses. While some components of neurainflammation such as removal of cell debris and release of traphic factors may support recovery pracesses, others such as the generation of free radicals and other cytotoxic mediators are deleterious for brain tissue after isch- emia. Thus, neurainflammation after strake can be considered a dou- ble-edged sword, having potentially both detrimental and beneficial effects. As in other inflammatory reactions in the body, the cellular and humoral interactions are highly complex in the setting of neu- rainflammation.